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Research Article: Art an 3 as a candidate recombinant antigen for Artemisia pollen immunotherapy: comparative efficacy and mechanistic insights

Date Published: 2026-07-22

Abstract:
Artemisia pollen is a major cause of seasonal respiratory allergy, yet allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) still relies mainly on crude extracts. Art an 3 is a major Artemisia annua pollen allergen, but its therapeutic and immunological features relative to extracts remain unclear. To compare recombinant Art an 3 (rArt an 3)–based versus extract-based subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) in an A. annua pollen–induced murine asthma model. Female BALB/c mice were sensitized and intranasally challenged with A. annua pollen extract, then treated with Extracts-SCIT, rArt an 3-SCIT, or PBS. Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), lung histopathology, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cells, splenic cytokines, serum immunoglobulins, and splenic CD4 + T-cell subsets were evaluated. Both SCIT regimens reduced peribronchial inflammation, goblet-cell mucus, and methacholine-induced AHR versus positive controls; histologic improvement tended to be greater with Extracts-SCIT, whereas AHR improvement was comparable. Extracts-SCIT more clearly decreased BALF eosinophils and IL-5/IL-17A. rArt an 3-SCIT preferentially increased IL-10 and IFN- ? and enhanced splenic Treg/Th1 responses. Pollen-specific sIgE decreased most with Extracts-SCIT, while rArt an 3-SCIT showed a modest sIgE reduction but a more pronounced increase in pollen-specific sIgG1. rArt an 3-SCIT showed overall protection comparable to Extracts-SCIT, with a regulatory/Th1-associated profile characterized by increased Treg/Th1 responses and pollen-specific sIgG1, supporting rArt an 3 as a molecularly defined AIT candidate for Artemisia pollen allergy.

Introduction:
Artemisia pollen is a major cause of seasonal respiratory allergy, yet allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) still relies mainly on crude extracts. Art an 3 is a major Artemisia annua pollen allergen, but its therapeutic and immunological features relative to extracts remain unclear.

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