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Research Article: Reanalysis of the immunological characteristics of scalp psoriasis: a cross-sectional study using Olink proteomics

Date Published: 2026-07-01

Abstract:
To analyze the molecular profile of adult patients with Scalp psoriasis (SP). We assessed 92 inflammatory biomarkers in lesional scalp skin from SP patients ( n =?20) and demographically comparable healthy controls (HCs, n =?12) using Olink high-throughput proteomics, and investigated the expression of Th2-type cytokines using ELISA in an independent cohort (contains 11 SP patients and 5 HCs). We identified 28 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in lesional SP compared to HCs (FC ? ±1.2, adjusted p -value <0.05). We observed that SP exhibits a Th1/Th17/IL-12/IL-23-dominant molecular signature. GO clustering and KEGG pathway analyses demonstrated close interrelationships among cytokines, chemokines, and their receptors during the psoriatic inflammatory cascade. Moreover, our results indicated a down-regulation of Th2-type molecules in the SP group, evidenced by significantly reduced levels of IL-4 and IL-5. Notably, these decreases were negatively correlated with the scalp-specific Investigator’s Global Assessment (ss-IGA) scores (IL-4: r =??0.78, p <?0.01; IL-5: r =??0.65, p <?0.05), which may lead to an imbalance characterized by an enhanced Th1/Th17/IL-12/IL-23 inflammatory response. This proteomic profile provides a new perspective on the immunological pathogenesis of SP, suggesting an imbalance between Th2 and Th1/Th17/IL-12/IL-23 responses.

Introduction:
Psoriasis is a common, chronic, immune-mediated skin disease, with a prevalence reported worldwide ranging from 0.12% to 3.2% ( 1 , 2 ). In addition to involving the trunk and limbs, the disease often affects the scalp (52.8%–80%) ( 3 ). Scalp psoriasis (SP) is often accompanied by scaling and pruritus, causing significant psychosocial distress ( 4 ). Clinically, SP is sometimes the initial manifestation and the only affected area of psoriasis ( 5 ), and is easily confused with seborrheic dermatitis (SD). Although…

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