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Research Article: Changes in horizontal and vertical peripheral refraction and their predictive value for myopia control after orthokeratology: a 2-year prospective study

Date Published: 2026-08-18

Abstract:
To investigate changes in peripheral refraction in both horizontal and vertical meridians after long-term orthokeratology and their correlation with axial elongation (AE). Children aged 8 to 14 years were fitted with orthokeratology lenses. Axial length and peripheral refraction, from 12 locations in the horizontal and vertical meridians, were measured at baseline and every 6 months over the study period. 39 subjects were recruited, with a mean AE of 0.38 ± 0.17 mm at 24 months. Except superior 5° (S5°), relative peripheral refraction (RPR) showed significant myopic defocus at all locations (all p ? 0.003) after orthokeratology. Except temporal 20° (T20°) and 30° (T30°), peripheral vertical (90°)/horizontal (180°) astigmatism component (J 0 ) changed significantly (all p ? 0.045) and except nasal 30° (N30°), peripheral oblique (45° and 135°) astigmatism component (J 45 ) changed significantly (all p ? 0.022). Except 18 months, the AE of each follow-up was negatively correlated with J 0 at inferior 5° (I5°) ( r = ?0.371, ?0.364, ?0.496, p = 0.033, 0.041, 0.007, respectively), J 45 at N10° ( r = ?0.401, ?0.348, ?0.417, p = 0.019, 0.048, 0.024, respectively) and I10° ( r = ?0.415, ?0.512, ?0.471, p = 0.018, 0.003, 0.011, respectively), as measured at 6 months. The 18-month AE was only negatively correlated with the 6-month J 45 at I10° ( r = ?0.415, p = 0.031). Multiple linear regression models were established to assess the relationship between AE and the 6-month J 0 at I5°, J 45 at N10°, J 45 at I10° ( r 2 = 0.340, 0.336, 0.263, 0.430, p = 0.010, 0.013, 0.077, 0.004, respectively). Significant changes in RPR, J 0 and J 45 were observed at most locations in the horizontal and vertical meridians after orthokeratology. Partial peripheral astigmatism components measured at 6 months demonstrated significant predictive value for the long-term efficacy of orthokeratology in myopia control.

Introduction:
In the last decade, the global incidence of myopia has increased significantly, particularly in East and Southeast Asia ( 1 , 2 ). It was expected that by 2050, the proportion of population with myopia and high myopia may reach 49.8% and 9.8% worldwide, respectively ( 3 ). A series of complications associated with high myopia were the sixth leading cause of blindness ( 4 ). Therefore, the prevention and control of myopia have attracted increasing attention and become a research priority in ophthalmology.…

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